programming · intensity

RPE vs RIR for programming.

RPE (rate of perceived exertion) and RIR (reps in reserve) are two ways to prescribe how hard a set should feel instead of dictating a fixed weight. This guide breaks down the 1-10 RPE scale, gives you an RPE-to-percentage reference table, compares RPE against RIR, and shows how to program effort targets for clients who train without you in the room.

By Markus Evers · Updated June 2026

the short answer

RPE (rate of perceived exertion) rates how hard a set feels on a 1-10 scale, where RPE 10 is a maximal effort with nothing left. RIR (reps in reserve) counts how many more reps you could have done. They describe the same thing from two angles: RPE 8 equals roughly 2 reps in reserve. Use RPE to autoregulate intensity across many lifts and use RIR when a client finds "how many reps were left?" easier to judge than rating effort.

This article is general training guidance for coaches, not medical advice. Effort-based training raises injury risk if pushed without context - cap intensity sensibly and refer pain or medical questions to a qualified clinician.

the scale

What RPE actually measures.

Rate of perceived exertion is a subjective rating of how hard a set or session felt. The original Borg scale ran 6 to 20 and was built for cardiovascular work, but the version strength coaches use today runs 1 to 10 and is anchored to proximity to failure. On that scale, RPE 10 means a maximal set with zero reps left, and each step down adds roughly one rep you could still have completed.

The power of RPE is that it prescribes effort, not a number on the bar. If you write "4 x 6 @ RPE 8", the client picks whatever load leaves about two reps in reserve that day. On a strong day that is a heavier bar; on a poorly-slept, high-stress day it is lighter - and the training stimulus stays roughly where you intended. That self-adjusting quality is called autoregulation, and it is the single biggest reason RPE has taken over modern programming.

RPE pairs naturally with structured progression. Nudging the load up once RPE 8 sets start flying is just progressive overload wearing an effort label - the RPE keeps the stimulus honest while you add weight over time. If you are building blocks that ramp effort over weeks, our guide on periodization for online coaches shows how to schedule RPE targets across a training cycle so intensity rises and resets on purpose rather than by accident.

reference table

RPE, RIR, and percentage of 1RM.

Here is how the RPE scale lines up with reps in reserve and a rough percentage of one-rep max. Treat the percentages as estimates - the real figure depends on the rep count, the lift, and the individual. The RPE-to-RIR mapping is far more stable than the RPE-to-percentage one.

RPE	Reps in reserve	What it feels like	Rough % of 1RM
RPE 10	0 reps in reserve	Maximal effort - no more reps possible with good form.	~100% of estimated 1RM for that rep count
RPE 9.5	0-1 reps in reserve	Maybe one more rep, maybe not. Right at the limit.	~97%
RPE 9	1 rep in reserve	One solid rep left in the tank.	~93%
RPE 8	2 reps in reserve	Two reps left - the workhorse zone for most hypertrophy and strength work.	~85%
RPE 7	3 reps in reserve	Three reps left - moderate, repeatable, good for volume.	~78%
RPE 6	4+ reps in reserve	Comfortable - typical for warm-ups, technique work, or deloads.	~70% and below

One thing the table makes obvious: RPE does not translate to a single percentage. RPE 8 for a set of 3 is a much heavier bar than RPE 8 for a set of 12, even though both leave two reps in reserve. That is why percentage-based programs need an accurate, current 1RM to work - you can estimate a one-rep max from a recent set - and why RPE is the more forgiving tool when you do not have one. To go the other way and turn an RPE target into a concrete working load, our RPE calculator does the conversion for a given reps-and-RPE combination.

rpe vs rir

RPE or RIR - which should you prescribe?

RPE and RIR are mirror images: an RPE of 8 is the same instruction as "leave 2 in reserve". The choice between them is mostly about which question your client answers more accurately. Some lifters find rating effort from 1 to 10 intuitive; others freeze on the number and do far better counting reps left. There is no universally correct answer, only the one your client can actually apply under the bar.

RIRtends to be clearer for beginners. "How many more reps could I have done?" is concrete and easy to picture. The trade-off is that new lifters consistently overestimate their reserve, so an early calibration set near failure is essential. Our deeper explainer on what RIR (reps in reserve) means covers how to teach it.
RPEscales better once a client is experienced and when you are managing many exercises at once. It captures whole-set difficulty, including grind speed and technical breakdown, not just the rep count - useful on lifts where the last rep slows down long before form fails.
Percentagesare the third option. They are precise but rigid: they assume a recent, accurate 1RM and ignore how the client feels today. Best reserved for tightly periodized strength blocks with regular retesting, not general online clients.

In practice, many coaches default to RPE for the bulk of a program and switch a beginner to RIR language until their effort-judging skill catches up. Both are far better suited to remote coaching than fixed percentages, because they let the client self-select the right load on a day you are not there to watch.

step by step

How to program with RPE for online clients.

Prescribing effort to clients you cannot supervise needs a little more structure than just writing "RPE 8" and hoping. Here is the workflow that keeps the autoregulation honest.

01

Set an RPE target per exercise

Instead of fixed weights, assign a target effort - for example "4 x 8 @ RPE 8". This tells the client to choose a load that leaves about two reps in reserve on each set. The same prescription auto-regulates across good days and bad days, which is exactly what you want for clients you cannot watch in person.
02

Teach the scale before you rely on it

A new client cannot judge "2 reps in reserve" accurately yet - most beginners undershoot. Spend the first few weeks calibrating: have them take a set close to failure so they feel what RPE 9-10 actually is, then anchor the lower numbers against that. RPE accuracy is a skill that sharpens with experience.
03

Pair RPE with a rep or load cap

Pure RPE can drift. Combine it with a rep range or a percentage ceiling - "3 x 5 @ RPE 8, stop at 6 reps" - so an overconfident client does not grind every set to failure. The cap keeps fatigue and injury risk in check while the RPE handles the day-to-day auto-regulation.
04

Put the RPE target in the exercise notes

In Coachway, you write the RPE or tempo cue into the exercise notes field for each movement - there is no separate RPE column. So a set might read "8 reps, leave 2 in reserve (RPE 8)" right where the client sees it as they log. Per-set logging then captures the actual reps and load they hit.
05

Review check-ins and adjust the next block

Read the logged reps, loads, and the client RPE feedback at each check-in. If RPE 8 sets are flying up, add load next week; if everything reads RPE 9-10, you are pushing too hard and need to pull back. This loop is how you progress a program you deliver remotely instead of guessing.

If you are still designing the program itself rather than just the intensity targets, start with the structure first. Our guide on how to write an online coaching program covers exercise selection, volume, and progression - then layer RPE on top to control how hard each session lands.

inside the platform

Programming RPE inside Coachway.

A practical note on tooling, because it shapes how you write effort targets. Coachway's workout builder handles sets, reps, supersets, dropsets, AMRAP, warm-up sets, and per-set logging - but it does not have a dedicated RPE or tempo column. You write those cues into the exercise notes instead, and the client reads them as they log each set.

Write RPE into the notes

For each exercise, drop the target into the notes field - "8 reps, leave 2 in reserve (RPE 8)". It sits right beside the prescription, so the client sees exactly how hard to push without a separate column to hunt for.

Capture effort with per-set logging

Per-set logging records the actual reps and load the client hits on every set. Combined with their note back to you at check-in, that is enough signal to judge whether RPE 8 sessions are landing where you wanted - and to adjust next week.

Review and autoregulate at check-ins

Read the logged data and client feedback in the check-in, then progress or pull back the next block. The RPE loop - prescribe, log, review, adjust - is how you autoregulate a program you deliver entirely remotely.

Coachway is built as the operating system for online fitness and nutrition coaches - workout building, nutrition, check-ins, in-app messaging, and Stripe payments in one place. Pricing stays predictable as your client list grows; see the pricing page for the breakdown. One honest note on scope: there is no separate RPE or tempo field, so build your effort cues into the exercise notes as shown above. If you are still choosing a platform, our roundup of the best coaching apps for online coaches compares the options.

questions coaches ask

Frequently asked questions.

What is RPE vs RIR for programming?

RPE (rate of perceived exertion) rates how hard a set felt on a 1-10 scale, where RPE 10 is maximal effort. RIR (reps in reserve) counts how many more reps you could have done. They are two views of the same thing: RPE 8 equals roughly 2 reps in reserve. RPE is best for autoregulating intensity across many lifts; RIR is often clearer for beginners learning to gauge proximity to failure.

What is rate of perceived exertion (RPE)?

Rate of perceived exertion is a subjective scale for how hard a set or session feels. The modern resistance-training version runs 1 to 10, where RPE 10 means a maximal set with zero reps left and RPE 8 means about two reps in reserve. It lets a coach prescribe effort instead of a fixed weight, so the load self-adjusts to how strong the client feels that day.

How does RPE convert to percentage of 1RM?

RPE maps loosely to percentage of one-rep max, but the percentage depends on the rep count, not just the RPE. A single rep at RPE 10 is roughly 100% of 1RM, while RPE 8 for a set of 8 is closer to 80-85%. Use an RPE-to-percentage chart as a starting estimate only - real percentages vary by lift, training age, and the individual lifter.

When should you use RPE instead of percentages?

Use RPE when you want a program to autoregulate - when clients train at home, have variable sleep and stress, or you cannot supervise every session. Percentages assume an accurate, current 1RM, which most online clients do not have. RPE lets the client pick the right load for that day, while percentages are better for tightly periodized strength blocks with frequent retesting.

Is RPE or RIR better for beginners?

RIR is usually easier for beginners because "how many reps could I still do?" is a more concrete question than rating effort from 1 to 10. The catch is that new lifters routinely overestimate their reserve, so calibrate early by having them approach failure on a set. As experience grows, RPE and RIR become interchangeable and both get more accurate.

Does Coachway have a dedicated RPE field?

No. Coachway does not have a separate RPE or tempo column in the workout builder. Coaches write RPE and tempo targets into the exercise notes field - for example "8 reps @ RPE 8, leave 2 in reserve" - which the client reads as they log each set. Per-set logging then records the actual reps and load, so you still get the data you need to autoregulate at check-ins.

This article is general training guidance for coaches, not medical advice. Training near failure raises injury risk - cap intensity sensibly, scale effort to the client's experience, and refer pain or medical questions to a qualified clinician.

RPE is one lever inside a well-built program. To zoom out to the broader principles of frequency, intensity, time, and type, see our explainer on the FITT principle, which frames where effort targets fit in the whole design.

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